It can feel like the human race is literally racing: first place is the most fit, the most productive, the most together, and the most informed. Sometimes, you may want to put on your horse’s blinders and just keep moving forward undeterred.

Once you’ve donned those blinders to stay focused on how productive you can be on your own path, the next step is to embody the horse itself. These majestic creatures are fast, strong, hard-working, and resilient; hence the term “fit as a horse.”

And how about that sweet stable scent? The animal’s distinct aroma actually inspired the name for an herb that may be able to assist you with obtaining the mental and physical fitness of your noble steed. Saddle up, folks; today, we’re talking about Ashwagandha.

Ashwagandha’s Debut

Native to South Asia and North Africa, Ashwagandha (ash-wuh-GONE-duh) is a flowering shrub in the solanaceae (or nightshade) family that has been used as a healing herb in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years.Mirjalili2009 The plant is promoted for its ability to treat conditions ranging from chronic fatigue and bone weakness to emaciation and impotency. The roots of the plant are most commonly used and have been administered in numerous forms, including powders, tonics, and even a boiled ghee and milk drink. Beyond more urgent medical maladies, Ashwagandha has been used as an aphrodisiac, sedative, memory enhancer, and strength builder.Mirjalili2009

To encapsulate these benefits, Ayurveda considers Ashwagandha to be a Rasayana. Rasayana refers to a class of herbal or metallic preparations that may promote a more youthful mental and physical state. Generally, these remedies are taken by the middle-aged and elderly communities to increase longevity and foster happiness.Singh2011

But the root isn’t just for older people because Ashwagandha isn’t just a Rasayana; it’s a Medhya Rasayana. Medhya refers to the mind. Ashwagandha has been used to help children with memory deficits or those with compromised memories after a brain injury. More broadly, children have enjoyed a tonic made from the herb to curb emaciation and fever.Singh2011

Ashwagandha’s lovely Latin name, Withania somnifera, joins other cheery terms for the plant, such as winter cherry and Indian ginseng. But the Sanskrit name Ashwagandha is favored for its less-than favorable meaning: “smell of the horse.” The delicate yellow flowers and green leaves of this herb are notable for their pungent horse-like musk when disturbed.Mirjalili2009

Let’s Get Mental

Divisive scent aside, Ashwagandha is agreeable for its promising mental and physical benefits. First we’ll explore the brain’s side of things, where Ashwagandha can help alleviate stress, improve memory and cognitive function.

Bucking Stress and Anxiety

There’s another name for Ashwagandha we haven’t mentioned yet.

If Ashwagandha could enter a horse race, it’d be classified as an adaptogen. An adaptogen is an herb that can improve your ability to adapt to stress by normalizing the body’s physiological responses.Chandrasekhar2012 But the criteria for being classified as an adaptogen are a little more complex. In addition to helping the body cope with stress, an herb is only lucky enough to be deemed an adaptogen if it can decrease stress-induced physical damage, produce beneficial effects when administered over time, and be devoid of significant negative side effects.Panossian2009 Ashwagandha is in a rare class.

A targeted approach is Ashwagandha’s preferred method. The target? The biochemical marker for stress, cortisol. When you’re stressed, you trigger the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands, followed by an increase in heart rate for the classic fight-or-flight response. Cortisol can be a lifesaving hormone in dangerous situations. But it can be debilitating when stress is constant. Elevated stress levels can contribute not only to that signature irritability and fatigue, but also to negative impacts on the body’s major systems.Glaser2005

Here’s a stress-reducer: Ashwagandha root extract can potentially block the brain’s stress processing pathway by increasing inhibitory signaling, which may be involved in its anxiety-reducing effects concomitantly with decreased cortisol levels.Chandrasekhar2012,Candelario2015

In 2000, a double blind, placebo-controlled study observed the efficacy of Ashwagandha extract on generalized anxiety disorder. The researchers noted a significant improvement in anxiety symptoms as well as depressive tendencies. The study encouraged deeper exploration of Ashwagandha for its therapeutic uses in people with anxiety disorders.Andrade2000

A 2009 study responded to the call by assessing the safety of naturopathic care for anxiety symptoms following subjects with moderate to severe anxiety for six weeks of Ashwagandha root supplementation. In addition to the Ashwagandha plant, subjects received other natural anxiety assistants, such as deep breathing relaxation techniques and your standard multi-vitamin. Another group received traditional psychotherapy, deep breathing relaxation techniques, and the placebo supplement. The Ashwagandha recipients experienced a 56.5% reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to the placebo recipients’ 30.5% reduction.Cooley2009

Even if you don't have a nervous system, you have a central nervous system, and it may benefit from the effects of Ashwagandha.

Betting on Improved Memory and Cognitive Function

Place your bets on which herb has also traditionally been used to boost memory.Soman2012 This tradition carries weight; Ashwagandha has shown promising effects in enhancing overall mental functioning for those with mild cognitive impairment.Choudhary2017

The root extract may also protect and restore spatial memory by counteracting the effects of oxidative stress, which impair essential neuronal function and signaling proteins in the neuronal membranes.Soman2012

Oxidative stress is one of the major culprits in brain aging because of free radical-induced damage. Free radicals are unstable because they have a single unpaired electron that’s always on the hunt for freebie electrons. Your cells are practically giving them away. But when cells forfeit an electron, they weaken and become more susceptible to disease and death.Gemma2007 Ashwagandha’s anti-oxidative properties allow it to say “neigh” to this premature ending, which may reduce brain function impairment caused by disease or injury.Kurapati2013

Let’s Get Physical

The term “fit as a horse” isn’t talking about mental toughness. Lucky for you, Ashwagandha has a lot to offer on the physical side of things as well, and may help increase performance by reducing stress.

Increase Your Horsepower

Maybe you’re more interested in what Ashwagandha can do to the outside of your body rather than inside of it. How does better body composition and physical performance sound?

In a study of healthy volunteers, participants enjoyed a significant increase in strength of muscle activity after supplementing with Ashwagandha for thirty days.Raut2012 The quadriceps and back extensor muscles showed the most significant increases in strength after 30 days of supplementation without exercise. The back extensor muscles are attached to the spine, and we use them for a pretty big portion of our daily activities, including standing and lifting objects.

Similarly, a human study of Ashwagandha’s combination with resistance training yielded substantial increases in muscle mass and functional strength.Wankhede2015 Untrained men on a standardized eight-week strength training program were given 600mg of Ashwagandha root powder daily. Compared to the placebo group, the lucky root recipients improved their bench press single repetition maximum by a full 44 pounds. And their own roots—otherwise known as legs—performed extension exercises with 11 pounds greater resistance than the placebo groupWankhede2015.

If you’re a bigger fan of endurance training, supplementing with Ashwagandha root extract for eight weeks was shown to increase velocity, power, and VO2 max in healthy young adults.Sandhu2010 This 2010 double blind study notes that withania somnifera may be a useful tool to combat weakness and target lower limb muscular strength with the potential to improve speed.

No More Sugar Cubes: Reducing Blood Glucose Levels

Maybe you’re training for a big race. Or maybe you’ve got a big presentation to prepare for. That diligence should be rewarded, but having your head down isn’t always the best thing. Lift your horse blinders for a moment to look back on a topic we already covered: Ashwagandha’s effects on cortisol levels. We’re thinking that race or presentation may lead to stress, which might explain why your shoulders have been hiked to your ears all week.

Cortisol is the nefarious hormone causing you stress, but remember that chronic stress can wreak havoc on your body’s systems because it engages the fight-or-flight mechanism. Your body isn’t set up to engage this response over a long period of time, which means your body’s systems change how they operate. Your cardiovascular health may suffer from higher blood pressure, which is associated with an increased risk of heart attack and heart disease.Dimsdale2008 Constipation or diarrhea could alter your digestive habits,Mayer2000 which could be extra painful if you find yourself developing stress-related stomach ulcers. Muscle tension from those hiked shoulders could also cause soreness and headaches, including migraines.Leistad2006

When stress-inducing cortisol levels remain elevated, it can also lead to high blood sugar levels. Ashwagandha can address this rise by reducing cortisol levels.Chandrasekhar2012

As if one mechanism wasn’t enough, Ashwagandha has a second line of defense against high blood glucose. This potent plant has been shown to increase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells.Gorelick2015 This goes for diabetics and non-diabetics alike.Auddy2008 In a study following those with type 2 diabetes, one month of Ashwagandha supplementation lowered blood sugar levels as effectively as diabetes medication.Andallu2000

Heart Health: Food for Thought

Ashwagandha also has two mechanisms for improving the health of the heart pumping all that blood around. Let’s return to the other type of stress Ashwagandha assists with: oxidative stress.

Recall that oxidative stress relates to an excess of free radicals that can cause inflammation and cell damage. Ashwagandha has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by increasing the activity of infection-fighting cells in the immune system.Bhat2010,Samadi2015,Mikolai2009

Ashwagandha can also decrease inflammation markers, such as C-reactive protein, which is associated with an increased risk of heart disease.Auddy2008

But heart disease is multifaceted. Luckily, Ashwagandha is, too. Ashwagandha has been shown to reduce heart-heavy cholesterol and triglyceride levels.Visavadiya2007

Namely, Ashwagandha targets the reduction of low-density lipoproteins (or LDLs), which are traditionally referred to as the “bad” cholesterol contributors to cardiovascular disease.Auddy2008 After 60 days of regular Ashwagandha extract supplementation of 500mg a day, chronically stressed subjects experienced a reduction of LDLs by up to 17.4%.Auddy2008

An almost identical percentage, 17.3%, marked a beneficial increase: the production of high-density lipoproteins (or HDLs).Auddy2008 High-density lipoproteins are generally what we mean when we discuss “good” cholesterol. These are the lipoproteins with the unique ability to catch the “bad” LDLs before they can cozy up on our arterial walls and accelerate the atherosclerotic process. But this ability is time-sensitive. Imagine pouring cement—while the cement is still wet, we can move it around into a smooth sidewalk surface or, to the workers dismay, mark the rare occasion with a handprint, lopsided heart, or initials. Once the cement has dried, you can’t really change it, but you can always add more on top. In order to prevent the LDLs from becoming a permanent fixture cemented to our arteries, we have to move quickly with the HDLs to retain smooth arterial walls for proper blood flow.Kwiterovich2000

Male Fertility

Ayurveda has used Ashwagandha to combat male fertility issues such as impotence and poor sperm motility. Modern clinical trials and human studies are taking note, testing its effects on subjects with fertility issues. The results are promising.

A 2009 study administering daily withania somnifera root powder to infertile men observed its impacts on sperm profiles. Sperm count, motility, concentration, and overall volume all increased.Ahmad2010 The semen also revealed a notable decrease in oxidative products with an increase in antioxidant enzymes.

A double blind 2013 study echoed these fertility findings with a focus on how the root powder impacts serum biochemistry in infertile men. The results suggest that withania somnifera therapy can recover the quality of semen in infertile men by rebooting the enzymatic activity of metabolic pathways and invigorating the balance of reproductive hormones and seminal plasma metabolites.Gupta2013

Hold your horses—that’s not all. Ashwagandha’s stress-shattering properties may have implications for sperm well-being, too. In a 2009 study on stress-related male infertility, withania somnifera resulted in a significant decrease in stress as well as a significant increase in the levels of antioxidants and overall semen quality.Mahdi2009 That's strong enough to result in pregnancy in the partners of 14% of the subjects with stress-related fertility issues.

Supplementing with Ashwagandha

Throughout this article, you may have noticed references to multiple supplementation forms of Ashwagandha, and they’re not all created equal.

Ashwagandha powders and extract of Ashwagandha are sourced from either the leaves or the roots of the plant and contain different levels of the structures that are responsible for mental and physical effects.

Namely, you’ll come across concentrations of the following: Withanolide A and Withaferin A. Withanolide A is more concentrated in the roots, while Withaferin A lurks in the leaves. Withanolide A is the potent structure in Ashwagandha that you will want to consider when shopping for a supplementGanzera2003.

Look for supplements with a branded form of Ashwagandha. Branded forms mean more research has gone into the product’s safety and effectiveness, contributing to a higher quality extract. They also often denote a higher concentration of Withanolide A up to 10% as compared to the 0% - 3% range of non-branded extracts.

Ashwagandha is generally tolerated well in small to medium doses, with no major adverse events observed in animal studies or human studies. The side effects of large doses are mild gastrointestinal issues and vomiting.Chandrasekhar2012 Taking Ashwagandha is not advised if you are allergic to other members of the solanaceae family, such as eggplant.

While the Food and Drug Administration doesn’t have a recommended daily intake set for Ashwagandha, research studies show a daily dose ranging between 125mg - 1,250mg. Because the effects of Ashwagandha include changes in blood pressure and blood glucose levels, consult your healthcare provider if you’re on medications for these conditions and would like to add Ashwagandha to your supplementing routine. Even if you’re not taking these medications, we recommend talking to your doctor prior to supplementing with anything new.

Off to the Races

Ashwagandha is no one-trick pony. This potent herb may be able to take your physical and mental fitness to equestrian levels by reducing your stress, boosting your memory, and assisting with your strength and endurance training. Compared to the strength of its benefits, Ashwagandha’s namesake stallion scent is nothing.